(1) 个性
eccentricity: retains the basic notion of off center and in this use stresses divergence from the usual or customary: led a life of charming ~ies.    （custom风俗惯例，表示非常常见，好象不成文的法律applies to a practice or usage so steadily associated with an individual or group as to have almost force of an unwritten law: the custom of mourners wearing black at funerals葬礼穿黑色衣服是风俗惯例）

idiosyncrasy: stresses a strongly individual and independent quality and is likely to imply a following of one's peculiar bent or temperament: a style marked by ~.  英国文化不排斥idiosyncrasy或者eccentrics，美国人不喜欢idiosyncrasy，认为是odd behavior，是否是贬意要看语境   注意，之前老是把sy错写成cy

eccentricity个性:  保留了字面"离心"的含义，强调背离风俗惯例，idiosyncrasy个性:  表示个人独特的，完全按照个人爱好性情行事

记忆方法: 1) 个性的意思是行为独特mean singularity in behavior or an instance of this.   (singular独特奇特: 强调是个人特有的，让人感到疑惑，因此奇特suggests individuality and puzzling strangeness，如a singular feeling of impending disaster有种奇特的感觉，感到灾难即将来临，如有人曾这样评价C++编程语言: it is new, it is simple, it is singular, it must succeed!它新颖，它简单，它独特，它一定成功!)


(2) 慷慨
liberal: suggests openhandedness in the giver and largeness in the thing or amount given: a teacher ~ in bestowing praise.  openhanded出手大方的

generous: stresses  warmhearted readiness to give more than the size and importance of the gift: a friend's ~ offer of assistance.

bountiful: suggests lavish, unremitting generosity in giving or providing: ~ grandparents spoiling the children.  (lavish慷慨或过分慷慨铺张奢侈,如a lavish state dinner丰盛的国宴)  （unremitting不停的not stopping, 如unremitting hostility/misery/gloomy weather从未化解的敌视/一直很悲惨/持续的阴沉天气）    (bounty最基本的意思是慷慨馈赠，如the bounty of nature大自然的慷慨馈赠，如autumn's bounty of fruits秋天大量水果；bounty还表示赏金奖金，如a bounty hunter表示赏金猎人或杀手,  如a bounty of $50,000 was put on Dr. Alvarez's head有人悬赏50,000美元买阿尔瓦雷斯博士的人头)

munificent: suggests splendid or princely lavishness in giving: the Queen was especially ~ to her favorite.

liberal慷慨: 表示大方大量地给予，generous慷慨: 更强调真诚热情地给予而不是数量，bountiful慷慨:  表示奢华无限制的慷慨，munificent慷慨:  像王侯一样辉宏

记忆方法: 1) 慷慨的意思是大方不吝啬地给予mean giving freely and unstintingly.    （freely you receive, freely you give你大方地拿，你慷慨地给，表示让人有索取也要有付出。freely有两个意思，1、自由自愿地，2、慷慨大方地）  


(3) 活的
living: applies to organic bodies having life as opposed to those from which life has gone: ~ artists.

alive: opposed to dead, is like living, but follows the word it modifies: toss the lobster into the pot while it's still ~.

animate: is used chiefly in direct opposition to inanimate to denote things alive or capable of life: a child seemingly afraid of every ~ object.

animated: is applied to that which becomes alive and active or is given motion simulating life: an ~ cartoon.

vital: implies the energy and especially the power to grow and reproduce that are characteristic of life: all of his ~ functions are normal.  生命功能

living活着: 表示有机体拥有生命，alive活着: 意思相同，但跟在所修饰词的后边，animate有生命:  和inanimate无生命直接相反，animated变活跃动画:  表示变得活跃有生命，或者用动作模拟生命，活力vital: 表示能够生长繁殖

记忆方法: 1) 活的的意思是有生命mean having or showing life.  


(4) 死的
dead: is applied literally to what is deprived of vital force but is used figuratively of anything that has lost any attribute of life, such as energy, activity, or radiance: a ~ engine.  vital是上一组最后一个词，这里vital force就是life

defunct: stresses cessation of active existence or operation: a ~ television series.  cease和stop的区别是，cease表示停止了并且不会再重新开始，stop则不一定  defunct party/model不复存在的政党，如美国美元党the Greenback Party，不复存在的车型号，如Lulu，但说人defunct表示不尊敬。dysfunctional功能丧失,意思很接近，但表示不存在，而是功能丧失或异常，最常用的dysfunctional society丧失功能的社会，diplomatic dysfunction丧失功能的外交

deceased, departed, late: apply to persons who have died recently. deceased occurs especially in legal use: the rights of the ~ must be acknowledged; departed usually occurs as a euphemism: pray for our ~ mother; and late applies especially to a person in a specific relation of status: the ~ president of the company.  注意euphemism虽然以e元音开头，但音标/ju/是辅音开头，所以冠词用a

dead死的: 指丧失了生命，或比喻失去了生命的属性如能量行动光泽；defunct停止的: 表示不复存在，deceased,departed,late死的: deceased常用于法律；departed是委婉用语；late常用于职位

记忆方法: 1) 死的的意思是失去生命mean devoid of life.    （骷髅头图案有特殊含义，该图案的拉丁名称是memento mori表示: 记住你会死remember that you will die，古代人拿它提醒自己珍惜时间，就像乔布斯在斯坦福毕业典礼上说他有时会问自己，如果明天我会死，那我今天应做什么。来自词根MORT表示死to die，如mortal凡人的会死的，mortality死亡率）


(5) 无谓
neutral: implies a quality, an appearance, or a reaction that belongs to neither of two opposites or extremes and often connotes vagueness, indefiniteness, indecisiveness, or ineffectualness; maintained a ~ position in the argument.

negative: carries a stronger implication of absence of positive or affirmative qualities and commonly implies lack of effect, activity, or definite and concrete form: won't accomplish anything with such a ~ attitude.  （positivity正面，表示乐观自信积极implies optimism, confidence, and activity，反义词negativity负面的是lady gaga一首歌名，如be positive about your future and get on with living a normal life要对未来充满信心，继续过正常生活，如正能量positive energy。有一个故事，两个人去滑雪，山上突然有一个雪球往下滚，negative负面的人一直抱怨埋怨自己命运不好，结果果然被雪球砸中；positive正面的人镇定观察马上侧身躲开，然后高兴地去滑雪）

indifferent: implies a quality, a character, or an appearance that is not readily categorized, especially as good or bad, right or wrong, and that, therefore, is unlikely to stir up strong feeling or elicit firm opinions: she was a hard worker but an ~ student.  category希腊哲学中的范畴，是一切类型的基础词，甚至是class这样基础的词的基础词

neutral中立: 表示不属于正反双方的任何一方，暗指模糊不明确不确定不显著，negative负面: 强调缺乏正面肯定，常表示无形式无行动无效果，indifferent无所谓: 表示难以分类，感觉意见不鲜明

记忆方法: 1) 无谓的意思是不明确决定mean lacking decisiveness or distinctness.  （distinct不同独特=different, 强调可以distinguish区分出来distinguished by the mind or eye as being different from others，如every snowflake is distinctive, just as every tree leaf每片雪花每片树叶都与其它不同）